Which article states that Supreme Court judgments bind lower courts?

Article 141 of the Indian Constitution establishes that the law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within the territory of India. This provision is fundamental to the judicial hierarchy in India, ensuring a unified interpretation of law across different levels of the judiciary. When the Supreme Court makes a ruling, all subordinate courts must follow that ruling in similar cases, thereby maintaining consistency and stability in legal proceedings.

This authoritative position of the Supreme Court reinforces its role as the apex court in the country, ensuring that its interpretations of constitutional and statutory provisions are adhered to uniformly. The importance of this article lies in its ability to create a coherent legal framework, clarifying that lower courts do not have the jurisdiction to alter or disregard Supreme Court decisions.

The other articles mentioned serve different purposes within the Constitution. For example, Article 13 deals with the laws that are inconsistent with fundamental rights, Article 32 pertains to the right to constitutional remedies, and Article 19 protects certain fundamental rights like freedom of speech and expression. These articles focus on distinct aspects of law and do not pertain to the binding effect of Supreme Court judgments on lower courts.